bevy_color: Add sequence_dispersed to Hsla, Lcha, Oklcha (#12173)

# Objective

- Fixes #12170

## Solution

- Moved the existing `color_from_entity` internals into
`Hsla::sequence_dispersed` which generates a randomly distributed but
deterministic color sequence based.
- Replicated the method for `Lcha` and `Oklcha` as well.

## Examples

### Getting a few colours for a quick palette
```rust
let palette = Hsla::sequence_dispersed().take(5).collect::<Vec<_>>();
/*[
    Hsla::hsl(0.0, 1., 0.5),
    Hsla::hsl(222.49225, 1., 0.5),
    Hsla::hsl(84.984474, 1., 0.5),
    Hsla::hsl(307.4767, 1., 0.5),
    Hsla::hsl(169.96895, 1., 0.5),
]*/
```

### Getting a colour from an `Entity`
```rust
let color = Oklcha::sequence_dispersed().nth(entity.index() as u32).unwrap();
```

## Notes

This was previously a private function exclusively for `Entity` types.
I've decided it should instead be public and operate on a `u32`
directly, since this function may have broader uses for debugging
purposes.

---------

Co-authored-by: Alice Cecile <alice.i.cecile@gmail.com>

crates/bevy_color/src/hsla.rs

@@ -66,6 +66,35 @@ impl Hsla {
     pub const fn with_lightness(self, lightness: f32) -> Self {
         Self { lightness, ..self }
     }
+
+    /// Generate a deterministic but [quasi-randomly distributed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-discrepancy_sequence)
+    /// color from a provided `index`.
+    ///
+    /// This can be helpful for generating debug colors.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use bevy_color::Hsla;
+    /// // Unique color for an entity
+    /// # let entity_index = 123;
+    /// // let entity_index = entity.index();
+    /// let color = Hsla::sequential_dispersed(entity_index);
+    ///
+    /// // Palette with 5 distinct hues
+    /// let palette = (0..5).map(Hsla::sequential_dispersed).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    /// ```
+    pub fn sequential_dispersed(index: u32) -> Self {
+        const FRAC_U32MAX_GOLDEN_RATIO: u32 = 2654435769; // (u32::MAX / Φ) rounded up
+        const RATIO_360: f32 = 360.0 / u32::MAX as f32;
+
+        // from https://extremelearning.com.au/unreasonable-effectiveness-of-quasirandom-sequences/
+        //
+        // Map a sequence of integers (eg: 154, 155, 156, 157, 158) into the [0.0..1.0] range,
+        // so that the closer the numbers are, the larger the difference of their image.
+        let hue = index.wrapping_mul(FRAC_U32MAX_GOLDEN_RATIO) as f32 * RATIO_360;
+        Self::hsl(hue, 1., 0.5)
+    }
 }
 
 impl Default for Hsla {
@@ -306,4 +335,21 @@ mod tests {
         assert_approx_eq!(hsla2.mix(&hsla0, 0.5).hue, 0., 0.001);
         assert_approx_eq!(hsla2.mix(&hsla0, 0.75).hue, 5., 0.001);
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_from_index() {
+        let references = [
+            Hsla::hsl(0.0, 1., 0.5),
+            Hsla::hsl(222.49225, 1., 0.5),
+            Hsla::hsl(84.984474, 1., 0.5),
+            Hsla::hsl(307.4767, 1., 0.5),
+            Hsla::hsl(169.96895, 1., 0.5),
+        ];
+
+        for (index, reference) in references.into_iter().enumerate() {
+            let color = Hsla::sequential_dispersed(index as u32);
+
+            assert_approx_eq!(color.hue, reference.hue, 0.001);
+        }
+    }
 }

crates/bevy_color/src/lcha.rs

@@ -70,6 +70,35 @@ impl Lcha {
     pub const fn with_lightness(self, lightness: f32) -> Self {
         Self { lightness, ..self }
     }
+
+    /// Generate a deterministic but [quasi-randomly distributed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-discrepancy_sequence)
+    /// color from a provided `index`.
+    ///
+    /// This can be helpful for generating debug colors.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use bevy_color::Lcha;
+    /// // Unique color for an entity
+    /// # let entity_index = 123;
+    /// // let entity_index = entity.index();
+    /// let color = Lcha::sequential_dispersed(entity_index);
+    ///
+    /// // Palette with 5 distinct hues
+    /// let palette = (0..5).map(Lcha::sequential_dispersed).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    /// ```
+    pub fn sequential_dispersed(index: u32) -> Self {
+        const FRAC_U32MAX_GOLDEN_RATIO: u32 = 2654435769; // (u32::MAX / Φ) rounded up
+        const RATIO_360: f32 = 360.0 / u32::MAX as f32;
+
+        // from https://extremelearning.com.au/unreasonable-effectiveness-of-quasirandom-sequences/
+        //
+        // Map a sequence of integers (eg: 154, 155, 156, 157, 158) into the [0.0..1.0] range,
+        // so that the closer the numbers are, the larger the difference of their image.
+        let hue = index.wrapping_mul(FRAC_U32MAX_GOLDEN_RATIO) as f32 * RATIO_360;
+        Self::lch(0.75, 0.35, hue)
+    }
 }
 
 impl Default for Lcha {

crates/bevy_color/src/oklcha.rs

@@ -69,6 +69,35 @@ impl Oklcha {
     pub const fn with_h(self, hue: f32) -> Self {
         Self { hue, ..self }
     }
+
+    /// Generate a deterministic but [quasi-randomly distributed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-discrepancy_sequence)
+    /// color from a provided `index`.
+    ///
+    /// This can be helpful for generating debug colors.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use bevy_color::Oklcha;
+    /// // Unique color for an entity
+    /// # let entity_index = 123;
+    /// // let entity_index = entity.index();
+    /// let color = Oklcha::sequential_dispersed(entity_index);
+    ///
+    /// // Palette with 5 distinct hues
+    /// let palette = (0..5).map(Oklcha::sequential_dispersed).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    /// ```
+    pub fn sequential_dispersed(index: u32) -> Self {
+        const FRAC_U32MAX_GOLDEN_RATIO: u32 = 2654435769; // (u32::MAX / Φ) rounded up
+        const RATIO_360: f32 = 360.0 / u32::MAX as f32;
+
+        // from https://extremelearning.com.au/unreasonable-effectiveness-of-quasirandom-sequences/
+        //
+        // Map a sequence of integers (eg: 154, 155, 156, 157, 158) into the [0.0..1.0] range,
+        // so that the closer the numbers are, the larger the difference of their image.
+        let hue = index.wrapping_mul(FRAC_U32MAX_GOLDEN_RATIO) as f32 * RATIO_360;
+        Self::lch(0.75, 0.1, hue)
+    }
 }
 
 impl Default for Oklcha {

crates/bevy_gizmos/src/aabb.rs

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 use crate as bevy_gizmos;
 
 use bevy_app::{Plugin, PostUpdate};
+use bevy_color::Oklcha;
 use bevy_ecs::{
     component::Component,
     entity::Entity,
@@ -97,18 +98,7 @@ fn draw_all_aabbs(
 }
 
 fn color_from_entity(entity: Entity) -> LegacyColor {
-    let index = entity.index();
-
-    // from https://extremelearning.com.au/unreasonable-effectiveness-of-quasirandom-sequences/
-    //
-    // See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-discrepancy_sequence
-    // Map a sequence of integers (eg: 154, 155, 156, 157, 158) into the [0.0..1.0] range,
-    // so that the closer the numbers are, the larger the difference of their image.
-    const FRAC_U32MAX_GOLDEN_RATIO: u32 = 2654435769; // (u32::MAX / Φ) rounded up
-    const RATIO_360: f32 = 360.0 / u32::MAX as f32;
-    let hue = index.wrapping_mul(FRAC_U32MAX_GOLDEN_RATIO) as f32 * RATIO_360;
-
-    LegacyColor::hsl(hue, 1., 0.5)
+    Oklcha::sequential_dispersed(entity.index()).into()
 }
 
 fn aabb_transform(aabb: Aabb, transform: GlobalTransform) -> GlobalTransform {