Improve OrthographicCamera consistency and usability (#6201)

# Objective

- Terminology used in field names and docs aren't accurate
- `window_origin` doesn't have any effect when `scaling_mode` is `ScalingMode::None`
- `left`, `right`, `bottom`, and `top` are set automatically unless `scaling_mode` is `None`. Fields that only sometimes give feedback are confusing.
- `ScalingMode::WindowSize` has no arguments, which is inconsistent with other `ScalingMode`s. 1 pixel = 1 world unit is also typically way too wide.
- `OrthographicProjection` feels generally less streamlined than its `PerspectiveProjection` counterpart
- Fixes #5818 
- Fixes #6190 

## Solution

- Improve consistency in `OrthographicProjection`'s public fields (they should either always give feedback or never give feedback).
- Improve consistency in `ScalingMode`'s arguments
- General usability improvements
- Improve accuracy of terminology:
  - "Window" should refer to the physical window on the desktop
  - "Viewport" should refer to the component in the window that images are drawn on (typically all of it)
  - "View frustum" should refer to the volume captured by the projection

---

## Changelog

### Added
- Added argument to `ScalingMode::WindowSize` that specifies the number of pixels that equals one world unit.
- Added documentation for fields and enums

### Changed
- Renamed `window_origin` to `viewport_origin`, which now:
  - Affects all `ScalingMode`s
  - Takes a fraction of the viewport's width and height instead of an enum
    - Removed `WindowOrigin` enum as it's obsolete
- Renamed `ScalingMode::None` to `ScalingMode::Fixed`, which now:
  - Takes arguments to specify the projection size
- Replaced `left`, `right`, `bottom`, and `top` fields with a single `area: Rect`
- `scale` is now applied before updating `area`. Reading from it will take `scale` into account.
- Documentation changes to make terminology more accurate and consistent

## Migration Guide
- Change `window_origin` to `viewport_origin`; replace `WindowOrigin::Center` with `Vec2::new(0.5, 0.5)` and `WindowOrigin::BottomLeft` with `Vec2::new(0.0, 0.0)`
- For shadow projections and such, replace `left`, `right`, `bottom`, and `top` with `area: Rect::new(left, bottom, right, top)`
- For camera projections, remove l/r/b/t values from `OrthographicProjection` instantiations, as they no longer have any effect in any `ScalingMode`
- Change `ScalingMode::None` to `ScalingMode::Fixed`
  - Replace manual changes of l/r/b/t with:
    - Arguments in `ScalingMode::Fixed` to specify size
    - `viewport_origin` to specify offset
- Change `ScalingMode::WindowSize` to `ScalingMode::WindowSize(1.0)`

crates/bevy_gltf/src/loader.rs

@@ -719,9 +719,9 @@ fn load_node(
         let projection = match camera.projection() {
             gltf::camera::Projection::Orthographic(orthographic) => {
                 let xmag = orthographic.xmag();
-                let orthographic_projection: OrthographicProjection = OrthographicProjection {
+                let orthographic_projection = OrthographicProjection {
-                    far: orthographic.zfar(),
                     near: orthographic.znear(),
+                    far: orthographic.zfar(),
                     scaling_mode: ScalingMode::FixedHorizontal(1.0),
                     scale: xmag,
                     ..Default::default()

crates/bevy_render/src/camera/mod.rs

@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ impl Plugin for CameraPlugin {
         app.register_type::<Camera>()
             .register_type::<Viewport>()
             .register_type::<Option<Viewport>>()
-            .register_type::<WindowOrigin>()
             .register_type::<ScalingMode>()
             .register_type::<CameraRenderGraph>()
             .register_type::<RenderTarget>()

crates/bevy_render/src/camera/projection.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use std::marker::PhantomData;
 
 use bevy_app::{App, CoreSchedule, CoreSet, Plugin, StartupSet};
 use bevy_ecs::{prelude::*, reflect::ReflectComponent};
-use bevy_math::Mat4;
+use bevy_math::{Mat4, Rect, Vec2};
 use bevy_reflect::{
     std_traits::ReflectDefault, FromReflect, GetTypeRegistration, Reflect, ReflectDeserialize,
     ReflectSerialize,
@@ -169,57 +169,92 @@ impl Default for PerspectiveProjection {
     }
 }
 
-// TODO: make this a component instead of a property
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Reflect, FromReflect, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-#[reflect(Serialize, Deserialize)]
-pub enum WindowOrigin {
-    Center,
-    BottomLeft,
-}
-
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Reflect, FromReflect, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 #[reflect(Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum ScalingMode {
-    /// Manually specify left/right/top/bottom values.
+    /// Manually specify the projection's size, ignoring window resizing. The image will stretch.
-    /// Ignore window resizing; the image will stretch.
+    /// Arguments are in world units.
-    None,
+    Fixed { width: f32, height: f32 },
-    /// Match the window size. 1 world unit = 1 pixel.
+    /// Match the viewport size.
-    WindowSize,
+    /// The argument is the number of pixels that equals one world unit.
+    WindowSize(f32),
     /// Keeping the aspect ratio while the axes can't be smaller than given minimum.
     /// Arguments are in world units.
     AutoMin { min_width: f32, min_height: f32 },
     /// Keeping the aspect ratio while the axes can't be bigger than given maximum.
     /// Arguments are in world units.
     AutoMax { max_width: f32, max_height: f32 },
-    /// Keep vertical axis constant; resize horizontal with aspect ratio.
+    /// Keep the projection's height constant; width will be adjusted to match aspect ratio.
-    /// The argument is the desired height of the viewport in world units.
+    /// The argument is the desired height of the projection in world units.
     FixedVertical(f32),
-    /// Keep horizontal axis constant; resize vertical with aspect ratio.
+    /// Keep the projection's width constant; height will be adjusted to match aspect ratio.
-    /// The argument is the desired width of the viewport in world units.
+    /// The argument is the desired width of the projection in world units.
     FixedHorizontal(f32),
 }
 
+/// Project a 3D space onto a 2D surface using parallel lines, i.e., unlike [`PerspectiveProjection`],
+/// the size of objects remains the same regardless of their distance to the camera.
+///
+/// The volume contained in the projection is called the *view frustum*. Since the viewport is rectangular
+/// and projection lines are parallel, the view frustum takes the shape of a cuboid.
+///
+/// Note that the scale of the projection and the apparent size of objects are inversely proportional.
+/// As the size of the projection increases, the size of objects decreases.
 #[derive(Component, Debug, Clone, Reflect, FromReflect)]
 #[reflect(Component, Default)]
 pub struct OrthographicProjection {
-    pub left: f32,
+    /// The distance of the near clipping plane in world units.
-    pub right: f32,
+    ///
-    pub bottom: f32,
+    /// Objects closer than this will not be rendered.
-    pub top: f32,
+    ///
+    /// Defaults to `0.0`
     pub near: f32,
+    /// The distance of the far clipping plane in world units.
+    ///
+    /// Objects further than this will not be rendered.
+    ///
+    /// Defaults to `1000.0`
     pub far: f32,
-    pub window_origin: WindowOrigin,
+    /// Specifies the origin of the viewport as a normalized position from 0 to 1, where (0, 0) is the bottom left
+    /// and (1, 1) is the top right. This determines where the camera's position sits inside the viewport.
+    ///
+    /// When the projection scales due to viewport resizing, the position of the camera, and thereby `viewport_origin`,
+    /// remains at the same relative point.
+    ///
+    /// Consequently, this is pivot point when scaling. With a bottom left pivot, the projection will expand
+    /// upwards and to the right. With a top right pivot, the projection will expand downwards and to the left.
+    /// Values in between will caused the projection to scale proportionally on each axis.
+    ///
+    /// Defaults to `(0.5, 0.5)`, which makes scaling affect opposite sides equally, keeping the center
+    /// point of the viewport centered.
+    pub viewport_origin: Vec2,
+    /// How the projection will scale when the viewport is resized.
+    ///
+    /// Defaults to `ScalingMode::WindowScale(1.0)`
     pub scaling_mode: ScalingMode,
+    /// Scales the projection in world units.
+    ///
+    /// As scale increases, the apparent size of objects decreases, and vice versa.
+    ///
+    /// Defaults to `1.0`
     pub scale: f32,
+    /// The area that the projection covers relative to `viewport_origin`.
+    ///
+    /// Bevy's [`camera_system`](crate::camera::camera_system) automatically
+    /// updates this value when the viewport is resized depending on `OrthographicProjection`'s other fields.
+    /// In this case, `area` should not be manually modified.
+    ///
+    /// It may be necessary to set this manually for shadow projections and such.
+    pub area: Rect,
 }
 
 impl CameraProjection for OrthographicProjection {
     fn get_projection_matrix(&self) -> Mat4 {
         Mat4::orthographic_rh(
-            self.left * self.scale,
+            self.area.min.x,
-            self.right * self.scale,
+            self.area.max.x,
-            self.bottom * self.scale,
+            self.area.min.y,
-            self.top * self.scale,
+            self.area.max.y,
             // NOTE: near and far are swapped to invert the depth range from [0,1] to [1,0]
             // This is for interoperability with pipelines using infinite reverse perspective projections.
             self.far,
@@ -228,8 +263,8 @@ impl CameraProjection for OrthographicProjection {
     }
 
     fn update(&mut self, width: f32, height: f32) {
-        let (viewport_width, viewport_height) = match self.scaling_mode {
+        let (projection_width, projection_height) = match self.scaling_mode {
-            ScalingMode::WindowSize => (width, height),
+            ScalingMode::WindowSize(pixel_scale) => (width / pixel_scale, height / pixel_scale),
             ScalingMode::AutoMin {
                 min_width,
                 min_height,
@@ -260,34 +295,18 @@ impl CameraProjection for OrthographicProjection {
             ScalingMode::FixedHorizontal(viewport_width) => {
                 (viewport_width, height * viewport_width / width)
             }
-            ScalingMode::None => return,
+            ScalingMode::Fixed { width, height } => (width, height),
         };
 
-        match self.window_origin {
+        let origin_x = projection_width * self.viewport_origin.x;
-            WindowOrigin::Center => {
+        let origin_y = projection_height * self.viewport_origin.y;
-                let half_width = viewport_width / 2.0;
-                let half_height = viewport_height / 2.0;
-                self.left = -half_width;
-                self.bottom = -half_height;
-                self.right = half_width;
-                self.top = half_height;
 
-                if let ScalingMode::WindowSize = self.scaling_mode {
+        self.area = Rect::new(
-                    if self.scale == 1.0 {
+            self.scale * -origin_x,
-                        self.left = self.left.floor();
+            self.scale * -origin_y,
-                        self.bottom = self.bottom.floor();
+            self.scale * (projection_width - origin_x),
-                        self.right = self.right.floor();
+            self.scale * (projection_height - origin_y),
-                        self.top = self.top.floor();
+        );
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            WindowOrigin::BottomLeft => {
-                self.left = 0.0;
-                self.bottom = 0.0;
-                self.right = viewport_width;
-                self.top = viewport_height;
-            }
-        }
     }
 
     fn far(&self) -> f32 {
@@ -298,15 +317,12 @@ impl CameraProjection for OrthographicProjection {
 impl Default for OrthographicProjection {
     fn default() -> Self {
         OrthographicProjection {
-            left: -1.0,
+            scale: 1.0,
-            right: 1.0,
-            bottom: -1.0,
-            top: 1.0,
             near: 0.0,
             far: 1000.0,
-            window_origin: WindowOrigin::Center,
+            viewport_origin: Vec2::new(0.5, 0.5),
-            scaling_mode: ScalingMode::WindowSize,
+            scaling_mode: ScalingMode::WindowSize(1.0),
-            scale: 1.0,
+            area: Rect::new(-1.0, -1.0, 1.0, 1.0),
         }
     }
 }