Add ComponentId-taking functions to Entity{Ref,Mut}Except to mirror FilteredEntity{Ref,Mut} (#17800)

# Objective

Related to #17784. The ticket is actually about just getting rid of
`Entity{Ref,Mut}Except` in favor of `FilteredEntity{Ref,Mut}`, but I got
told the unification of Entity types is a bigger endeavor that has been
going on for a while now (as the "Pointing Fingers" working group) and I
should just add the functions I actually need in the meantime.

## Solution

This PR adds all of the functions necessary to access components by
TypeId or ComponentId instead of static types.

## Testing

> Did you test these changes? If so, how?

Haven't tested it yet, but the changes are mostly copy/paste from other
implementations in the same file, since there is a lot of duplicated
functionality there.

## Not a Migration Guide

There shouldn't be any breaking changes, it's just a few new functions
on existing types.

I had to shuffle around the lifetimes in `From<&EntityMutExcept<'a, B>>
for EntityRefExcept<'a, B>` (originally it was `From<&'a
EntityMutExcept<'_, B>> for EntityRefExcept<'_, B>`) to make the borrow
checker happy, but I don't think that this should have an impact on user
code (correct me if I'm wrong).

crates/bevy_ecs/src/world/entity_ref.rs

@@ -3287,6 +3287,24 @@ impl<'a> From<&'a EntityWorldMut<'_>> for FilteredEntityRef<'a> {
     }
 }
 
+impl<'a, B: Bundle> From<&'a EntityRefExcept<'_, B>> for FilteredEntityRef<'a> {
+    fn from(value: &'a EntityRefExcept<'_, B>) -> Self {
+        // SAFETY:
+        // - The FilteredEntityRef has the same component access as the given EntityRefExcept.
+        unsafe {
+            let mut access = Access::default();
+            access.read_all();
+            let components = value.entity.world().components();
+            B::get_component_ids(components, &mut |maybe_id| {
+                if let Some(id) = maybe_id {
+                    access.remove_component_read(id);
+                }
+            });
+            FilteredEntityRef::new(value.entity, access)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 impl PartialEq for FilteredEntityRef<'_> {
     fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
         self.entity() == other.entity()
@@ -3612,6 +3630,24 @@ impl<'a> From<&'a mut EntityWorldMut<'_>> for FilteredEntityMut<'a> {
     }
 }
 
+impl<'a, B: Bundle> From<&'a EntityMutExcept<'_, B>> for FilteredEntityMut<'a> {
+    fn from(value: &'a EntityMutExcept<'_, B>) -> Self {
+        // SAFETY:
+        // - The FilteredEntityMut has the same component access as the given EntityMutExcept.
+        unsafe {
+            let mut access = Access::default();
+            access.write_all();
+            let components = value.entity.world().components();
+            B::get_component_ids(components, &mut |maybe_id| {
+                if let Some(id) = maybe_id {
+                    access.remove_component_read(id);
+                }
+            });
+            FilteredEntityMut::new(value.entity, access)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 impl PartialEq for FilteredEntityMut<'_> {
     fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
         self.entity() == other.entity()
@@ -3737,6 +3773,93 @@ where
     pub fn spawned_by(&self) -> MaybeLocation {
         self.entity.spawned_by()
     }
+
+    /// Gets the component of the given [`ComponentId`] from the entity.
+    ///
+    /// **You should prefer to use the typed API [`Self::get`] where possible and only
+    /// use this in cases where the actual component types are not known at
+    /// compile time.**
+    ///
+    /// Unlike [`EntityRefExcept::get`], this returns a raw pointer to the component,
+    /// which is only valid while the [`EntityRefExcept`] is alive.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_by_id(&self, component_id: ComponentId) -> Option<Ptr<'w>> {
+        let components = self.entity.world().components();
+        (!bundle_contains_component::<B>(components, component_id))
+            .then(|| {
+                // SAFETY: We have read access for this component
+                unsafe { self.entity.get_by_id(component_id) }
+            })
+            .flatten()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `true` if the current entity has a component of type `T`.
+    /// Otherwise, this returns `false`.
+    ///
+    /// ## Notes
+    ///
+    /// If you do not know the concrete type of a component, consider using
+    /// [`Self::contains_id`] or [`Self::contains_type_id`].
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn contains<T: Component>(&self) -> bool {
+        self.contains_type_id(TypeId::of::<T>())
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `true` if the current entity has a component identified by `component_id`.
+    /// Otherwise, this returns false.
+    ///
+    /// ## Notes
+    ///
+    /// - If you know the concrete type of the component, you should prefer [`Self::contains`].
+    /// - If you know the component's [`TypeId`] but not its [`ComponentId`], consider using
+    ///     [`Self::contains_type_id`].
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn contains_id(&self, component_id: ComponentId) -> bool {
+        self.entity.contains_id(component_id)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `true` if the current entity has a component with the type identified by `type_id`.
+    /// Otherwise, this returns false.
+    ///
+    /// ## Notes
+    ///
+    /// - If you know the concrete type of the component, you should prefer [`Self::contains`].
+    /// - If you have a [`ComponentId`] instead of a [`TypeId`], consider using [`Self::contains_id`].
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn contains_type_id(&self, type_id: TypeId) -> bool {
+        self.entity.contains_type_id(type_id)
+    }
+
+    /// Retrieves the change ticks for the given component. This can be useful for implementing change
+    /// detection in custom runtimes.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_change_ticks<T: Component>(&self) -> Option<ComponentTicks> {
+        let component_id = self.entity.world().components().get_id(TypeId::of::<T>())?;
+        let components = self.entity.world().components();
+        (!bundle_contains_component::<B>(components, component_id))
+            .then(|| {
+                // SAFETY: We have read access
+                unsafe { self.entity.get_change_ticks::<T>() }
+            })
+            .flatten()
+    }
+
+    /// Retrieves the change ticks for the given [`ComponentId`]. This can be useful for implementing change
+    /// detection in custom runtimes.
+    ///
+    /// **You should prefer to use the typed API [`Self::get_change_ticks`] where possible and only
+    /// use this in cases where the actual component types are not known at
+    /// compile time.**
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_change_ticks_by_id(&self, component_id: ComponentId) -> Option<ComponentTicks> {
+        let components = self.entity.world().components();
+        (!bundle_contains_component::<B>(components, component_id))
+            .then(|| {
+                // SAFETY: We have read access
+                unsafe { self.entity.get_change_ticks_by_id(component_id) }
+            })
+            .flatten()
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'a, B> From<&'a EntityMutExcept<'_, B>> for EntityRefExcept<'a, B>
@@ -3894,6 +4017,78 @@ where
     pub fn spawned_by(&self) -> MaybeLocation {
         self.entity.spawned_by()
     }
+
+    /// Returns `true` if the current entity has a component of type `T`.
+    /// Otherwise, this returns `false`.
+    ///
+    /// ## Notes
+    ///
+    /// If you do not know the concrete type of a component, consider using
+    /// [`Self::contains_id`] or [`Self::contains_type_id`].
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn contains<T: Component>(&self) -> bool {
+        self.contains_type_id(TypeId::of::<T>())
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `true` if the current entity has a component identified by `component_id`.
+    /// Otherwise, this returns false.
+    ///
+    /// ## Notes
+    ///
+    /// - If you know the concrete type of the component, you should prefer [`Self::contains`].
+    /// - If you know the component's [`TypeId`] but not its [`ComponentId`], consider using
+    ///     [`Self::contains_type_id`].
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn contains_id(&self, component_id: ComponentId) -> bool {
+        self.entity.contains_id(component_id)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `true` if the current entity has a component with the type identified by `type_id`.
+    /// Otherwise, this returns false.
+    ///
+    /// ## Notes
+    ///
+    /// - If you know the concrete type of the component, you should prefer [`Self::contains`].
+    /// - If you have a [`ComponentId`] instead of a [`TypeId`], consider using [`Self::contains_id`].
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn contains_type_id(&self, type_id: TypeId) -> bool {
+        self.entity.contains_type_id(type_id)
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the component of the given [`ComponentId`] from the entity.
+    ///
+    /// **You should prefer to use the typed API [`Self::get`] where possible and only
+    /// use this in cases where the actual component types are not known at
+    /// compile time.**
+    ///
+    /// Unlike [`EntityMutExcept::get`], this returns a raw pointer to the component,
+    /// which is only valid while the [`EntityMutExcept`] is alive.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_by_id(&'w self, component_id: ComponentId) -> Option<Ptr<'w>> {
+        self.as_readonly().get_by_id(component_id)
+    }
+
+    /// Gets a [`MutUntyped`] of the component of the given [`ComponentId`] from the entity.
+    ///
+    /// **You should prefer to use the typed API [`Self::get_mut`] where possible and only
+    /// use this in cases where the actual component types are not known at
+    /// compile time.**
+    ///
+    /// Unlike [`EntityMutExcept::get_mut`], this returns a raw pointer to the component,
+    /// which is only valid while the [`EntityMutExcept`] is alive.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_mut_by_id<F: DynamicComponentFetch>(
+        &mut self,
+        component_id: ComponentId,
+    ) -> Option<MutUntyped<'_>> {
+        let components = self.entity.world().components();
+        (!bundle_contains_component::<B>(components, component_id))
+            .then(|| {
+                // SAFETY: We have write access
+                unsafe { self.entity.get_mut_by_id(component_id).ok() }
+            })
+            .flatten()
+    }
 }
 
 impl<B: Bundle> PartialEq for EntityMutExcept<'_, B> {