Color gradient curve (#14976)

# Objective

- Currently we have the `ColorRange` trait to interpolate linearly
between two colors
- It would be cool to have:
  1. linear interpolation between n colors where `n >= 1`
  2. other kinds of interpolation

## Solution

1. Implement `ColorGradient` which takes `n >= 1` colors and linearly
interpolates between consecutive pairs of them
2. Implement `Curve` intergration for this `ColorGradient` which yields
a curve struct. After that we can apply all of the cool curve adaptors
like `.reparametrize()` and `.map()` to the gradient

## Testing

- Added doc tests
- Added tests

## Showcase

```rust
// let gradient = ColorGradient::new(vec![]).unwrap(); // panic! 💥
let gradient = ColorGradient::new([basic::RED, basic::LIME, basic::BLUE]).expect("non-empty");
let curve = gradient.to_curve();
let brighter_curve = curve.map(|c| c.mix(&basic::WHITE, 0.5));
```

--- 

Kind of related to
https://github.com/bevyengine/bevy/pull/14971#discussion_r1736337631

---------

Co-authored-by: Zachary Harrold <zac@harrold.com.au>
Co-authored-by: Matty <weatherleymatthew@gmail.com>

crates/bevy_color/src/color_gradient.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+use crate::Mix;
+use bevy_math::curve::{
+    cores::{EvenCore, EvenCoreError},
+    Curve, Interval,
+};
+
+/// A curve whose samples are defined by a collection of colors.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serialize", derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize))]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "bevy_reflect", derive(bevy_reflect::Reflect))]
+pub struct ColorCurve<T> {
+    core: EvenCore<T>,
+}
+
+impl<T> ColorCurve<T>
+where
+    T: Mix + Clone,
+{
+    /// Create a new [`ColorCurve`] from a collection of [mixable] types. The domain of this curve
+    /// will always be `[0.0, len - 1]` where `len` is the amount of mixable objects in the
+    /// collection.
+    ///
+    /// This fails if there's not at least two mixable things in the collection.
+    ///
+    /// [mixable]: `Mix`
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use bevy_color::palettes::basic::*;
+    /// # use bevy_color::Mix;
+    /// # use bevy_color::Srgba;
+    /// # use bevy_color::ColorCurve;
+    /// # use bevy_math::curve::Interval;
+    /// # use bevy_math::curve::Curve;
+    /// let broken = ColorCurve::new([RED]);
+    /// assert!(broken.is_err());
+    /// let gradient = ColorCurve::new([RED, GREEN, BLUE]);
+    /// assert!(gradient.is_ok());
+    /// assert_eq!(gradient.unwrap().domain(), Interval::new(0.0, 2.0).unwrap());
+    /// ```
+    pub fn new(colors: impl IntoIterator<Item = T>) -> Result<Self, EvenCoreError> {
+        let colors = colors.into_iter().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        Interval::new(0.0, colors.len().saturating_sub(1) as f32)
+            .map_err(|_| EvenCoreError::NotEnoughSamples {
+                samples: colors.len(),
+            })
+            .and_then(|domain| EvenCore::new(domain, colors))
+            .map(|core| Self { core })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> Curve<T> for ColorCurve<T>
+where
+    T: Mix + Clone,
+{
+    fn domain(&self) -> Interval {
+        self.core.domain()
+    }
+
+    fn sample_unchecked(&self, t: f32) -> T {
+        self.core.sample_with(t, T::mix)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::palettes::basic;
+    use crate::Srgba;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_color_curve() {
+        let broken = ColorCurve::new([basic::RED]);
+        assert!(broken.is_err());
+
+        let gradient = [basic::RED, basic::LIME, basic::BLUE];
+        let curve = ColorCurve::new(gradient).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(curve.domain(), Interval::new(0.0, 2.0).unwrap());
+
+        let brighter_curve = curve.map(|c: Srgba| c.mix(&basic::WHITE, 0.5));
+
+        [
+            (-0.1, None),
+            (0.0, Some([1.0, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0])),
+            (0.5, Some([0.75, 0.75, 0.5, 1.0])),
+            (1.0, Some([0.5, 1.0, 0.5, 1.0])),
+            (1.5, Some([0.5, 0.75, 0.75, 1.0])),
+            (2.0, Some([0.5, 0.5, 1.0, 1.0])),
+            (2.1, None),
+        ]
+        .map(|(t, maybe_rgba)| {
+            let maybe_srgba = maybe_rgba.map(|[r, g, b, a]| Srgba::new(r, g, b, a));
+            (t, maybe_srgba)
+        })
+        .into_iter()
+        .for_each(|(t, maybe_color)| {
+            assert_eq!(brighter_curve.sample(t), maybe_color);
+        });
+    }
+}

crates/bevy_color/src/color_range.rs

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ pub trait ColorRange<T: Mix> {
 
 impl<T: Mix> ColorRange<T> for Range<T> {
     fn at(&self, factor: f32) -> T {
-        self.start.mix(&self.end, factor)
+        self.start.mix(&self.end, factor.clamp(0.0, 1.0))
     }
 }
 
@@ -28,16 +28,20 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn test_color_range() {
         let range = basic::RED..basic::BLUE;
+        assert_eq!(range.at(-0.5), basic::RED);
         assert_eq!(range.at(0.0), basic::RED);
         assert_eq!(range.at(0.5), Srgba::new(0.5, 0.0, 0.5, 1.0));
         assert_eq!(range.at(1.0), basic::BLUE);
+        assert_eq!(range.at(1.5), basic::BLUE);
 
         let lred: LinearRgba = basic::RED.into();
         let lblue: LinearRgba = basic::BLUE.into();
 
         let range = lred..lblue;
+        assert_eq!(range.at(-0.5), lred);
         assert_eq!(range.at(0.0), lred);
         assert_eq!(range.at(0.5), LinearRgba::new(0.5, 0.0, 0.5, 1.0));
         assert_eq!(range.at(1.0), lblue);
+        assert_eq!(range.at(1.5), lblue);
     }
 }

crates/bevy_color/src/lib.rs

@@ -92,6 +92,7 @@
 
 mod color;
 pub mod color_difference;
+mod color_gradient;
 mod color_ops;
 mod color_range;
 mod hsla;
@@ -127,6 +128,7 @@ pub mod prelude {
 }
 
 pub use color::*;
+pub use color_gradient::*;
 pub use color_ops::*;
 pub use color_range::*;
 pub use hsla::*;