Enable EntityRef::get_by_id and friends to take multiple ids and get multiple pointers back (#15593)

# Objective

- Closes #15577 

## Solution

The following functions can now also take multiple component IDs and
return multiple pointers back:
- `EntityRef::get_by_id`
- `EntityMut::get_by_id`
- `EntityMut::into_borrow_by_id`
- `EntityMut::get_mut_by_id`
- `EntityMut::into_mut_by_id`
- `EntityWorldMut::get_by_id`
- `EntityWorldMut::into_borrow_by_id`
- `EntityWorldMut::get_mut_by_id`
- `EntityWorldMut::into_mut_by_id`

If you pass in X, you receive Y:
- give a single `ComponentId`, receive a single `Ptr`/`MutUntyped`
- give a `[ComponentId; N]` (array), receive a `[Ptr; N]`/`[MutUntyped;
N]`
- give a `&[ComponentId; N]` (array), receive a `[Ptr; N]`/`[MutUntyped;
N]`
- give a `&[ComponentId]` (slice), receive a
`Vec<Ptr>`/`Vec<MutUntyped>`
- give a `&HashSet<ComponentId>`, receive a `HashMap<ComponentId,
Ptr>`/`HashMap<ComponentId, MutUntyped>`

## Testing

- Added 4 new tests.

---

## Migration Guide

- The following functions now return an `Result<_,
EntityComponentError>` instead of a `Option<_>`: `EntityRef::get_by_id`,
`EntityMut::get_by_id`, `EntityMut::into_borrow_by_id`,
`EntityMut::get_mut_by_id`, `EntityMut::into_mut_by_id`,
`EntityWorldMut::get_by_id`, `EntityWorldMut::into_borrow_by_id`,
`EntityWorldMut::get_mut_by_id`, `EntityWorldMut::into_mut_by_id`

crates/bevy_ecs/src/world/error.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 use thiserror::Error;
 
-use crate::schedule::InternedScheduleLabel;
+use crate::{component::ComponentId, schedule::InternedScheduleLabel};
 
 /// The error type returned by [`World::try_run_schedule`] if the provided schedule does not exist.
 ///
@@ -10,3 +10,14 @@ use crate::schedule::InternedScheduleLabel;
 #[derive(Error, Debug)]
 #[error("The schedule with the label {0:?} was not found.")]
 pub struct TryRunScheduleError(pub InternedScheduleLabel);
+
+/// An error that occurs when dynamically retrieving components from an entity.
+#[derive(Error, Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum EntityComponentError {
+    /// The component with the given [`ComponentId`] does not exist on the entity.
+    #[error("The component with ID {0:?} does not exist on the entity.")]
+    MissingComponent(ComponentId),
+    /// The component with the given [`ComponentId`] was requested mutably more than once.
+    #[error("The component with ID {0:?} was requested mutably more than once.")]
+    AliasedMutability(ComponentId),
+}